Hallux Valgus (Bunion)

Hallux Valgus can be caused by several factors, including:

• Genetic Factors: There is a genetic predisposition for developing bunions. If there is a family history of Hallux Valgus, the risk of developing it is higher.
• Inadequate Footwear: Wearing tight shoes, with narrow toes or high heels, can contribute to bunion development by forcing the toe outward and increasing pressure on the joint.
• Foot Biomechanical Changes: Structural foot deformities, such as flat feet or high arches, can contribute to bunion formation.
• Arthritis: Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, can cause changes in joints and contribute to Hallux Valgus development.
• Injuries: Foot trauma or injuries can contribute to bunion formation.

Symptoms of Hallux Valgus can vary in severity and usually include:

• Big Toe Pain: Localized pain at the base of the toe, which can worsen with inadequate footwear or after physical activities.
• Bony Projection: Formation of a bony protrusion at the base joint of the big toe, which can be visible and palpable.
• Swelling and Redness: The affected joint may be swollen and red due to chronic irritation.
• Difficulty Finding Appropriate Footwear: Discomfort when wearing shoes due to deformity and increased pressure on the affected area.
• Changes in Toe Shape: Other toes may overlap or become displaced due to the deviation of the big toe.

To diagnose Hallux Valgus, doctors use:

• Physical Examination: Assessment of pain, deformity, and changes in foot structure. The doctor may observe toe deviation and examine range of motion.
• Imaging Tests: X-rays are used to visualize bone deformity and assess Hallux Valgus severity. In some cases, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to obtain a more detailed view of the joint and soft tissues.

Treatment of Hallux Valgus varies according to deformity severity and patient symptoms. Options include:

• Conservative Treatment: Includes use of appropriate footwear with wide toe box and orthopedic insoles to relieve pressure on the toe and reduce pain. Use of devices like toe separators can help improve pain (but does not correct).
• Medication: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be used to control pain and inflammation associated with Hallux Valgus.
• Physical Therapy: Specific exercises can help improve foot function and reduce pain.
• Surgery: In severe cases or when conservative treatments are not effective, surgery may be necessary. Surgical procedures may include bone realignment, removal of bony protrusion, or correction of associated deformities.

Some preventive measures include:

• Use of Appropriate Footwear: Choosing shoes that offer support, cushioning, and sufficient toe space can help prevent Hallux Valgus development.
• Biomechanics Correction: Correcting foot mechanics anomalies and making gait pattern adjustments can help reduce risk of deformities.
• Muscle Strengthening: Exercises to strengthen foot muscles and improve flexibility can help maintain good foot function and reduce joint stress.